Liste der Oxidationsstufen der chemischen Elemente
Die hier dargestellte Liste ist eine Ausgliederung aus dem Hauptartikel: Oxidationszahl. Sie führt alle bekannten chemischen Elemente mit den ihnen zugeordneten Oxidationszahlen auf. Auf die Auflistung gebrochen-zahliger Oxidationszahlen wird aus Platzgründen verzichtet. Diese werden jedoch bei den einzelnen Elementen, bei denen sie auftreten, aufgeführt.
Ein fettgeschriebener Eintrag bedeutet, dass das betreffende Element häufig diese Oxidationszahl(en) aufweist. Hinweis: Die Liste ist durch einen Klick auf das entsprechende Symbol spaltenweise sortierbar.
Liste
Ordnungs- zahl |
Element | Element- symbol |
IUPAC-Gruppe (CAS-Gruppe) |
Oxidationszahl(en) | Beispiele für Verbindungen |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Wasserstoff (Hydrogenium) | H | I-A) | 1 (−1, 1 | −1 in NaH, 1 in HCl |
2 | Helium | He | 18 (VIII-A) | 0 | 0 in HeNa2[1] |
3 | Lithium | Li | I-A) 1 ( | 1 | 1 in LiF |
4 | Beryllium | Be | II-A) 2 ( | 2 | 2 in BeO |
5 | Bor | B | 13 (III-A) | 3 | 3 in H3BO3 |
6 | Kohlenstoff (Carboneum) | C | 14 (IV-A) | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 | −4 in CH4, −3 in C2H6, −2 in C2H4, −1 in C2H2, 0 in HCHO, 1 in CH3CHO**, 2 in CO, 3 in CH3COOH**, 4 in CO2 |
7 | Stickstoff (Nitrogenium) | N | 15 (V-A) | −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | −3 in NH3, −2 in N2H4, −1 in N2H2, 0 in N(NO2)3 (zentrales N-Atom), 1 in H2N2O2, 2 in NO, 3 in HNO2, 4 in NO2, 5 in HNO3 |
8 | Sauerstoff (Oxygenium) | O | 16 (VI-A) | −2, −1, +1, +2 | −2 in Oxiden, −1 in Peroxiden, 1 in O2F2, 2 in OF2 |
9 | Fluor | F | 17 (VII-A) | −1 | −1 in HF |
10 | Neon | Ne | 18 (VIII-A) | 0 | 0 in NeBeS[2] |
11 | Natrium | Na | I-A) 1 ( | −1, 1 | −1 in {Na[crypt]}+Na-, 1 in NaOH |
12 | Magnesium | Mg | II-A) 2 ( | 2 | 2 in MgO |
13 | Aluminium | Al | 13 (III-A) | −2, −1, 1, 2, 3 | −2, −1 in Aluminium-Zintl-Phasen (z. B. Sr8Al7[3], LiAl[4]), 1 in AlF, 2 in [(SiMe3)3C]4Al2[5], 3 in Al2O3 |
14 | Silicium | Si | 14 (IV-A) | −4, −2, −1, 2, 4 | −4 in Ca2Si, −2 in CaSi, −1 in CaSi2, 2 in SiO, 4 in SiO2 |
15 | Phosphor | P | 15 (V-A) | −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | −3 in Na3P, −2 in Na2P, −1 in helicalem (P−)n, 0 in P7H3 (apicales P-Atom), 1 in H3PO2, 2 in P2F4, 3 in P4O6, 4 in H4P2O6, 5 in P4O10 |
16 | Schwefel (Sulfur) | S | 16 (VI-A) | −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | −2 in H2S, −1 in H2S2, 0 in S4O62− (mittlere S-Atome), 1 in S2Cl2, 2 in SCl2, 3 in Na2S2O4, 4 in SO2, 5 in S2O62−, 6 in H2SO4 |
17 | Chlor | Cl | 17 (VII-A) | −1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 | −1 in Cl−, 1 in ClO−, 3 in ClO2−, 4 in ClO2, 5 in ClO3−, 7 in ClO4− |
18 | Argon | Ar | 18 (VIII-A) | (2) | 2 in HArF[6] (instabil) |
19 | Kalium | K | I-A) 1 ( | −1, 1 | −1 in Kalid, 1 in KOH |
20 | Calcium | Ca | II-A) 2 ( | 2 | 2 in CaO |
21 | Scandium | Sc | III-B) 3 ( | 3 | 3 in Sc2O3 |
22 | Titan | Ti | IV-B) 4 ( | −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 | −2 in [Ti(CO)6]2−[7], −1 in [Ti(η6-C6H5R)2]– (R=H, Me)[8], 0 in [Ti(η6-C6H6)2][9], 1 in TiH[10], 2 in TiCl2, 3 in TiCl3, 4 in TiO2 |
23 | Vanadium | V | V-B) 5 ( | −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | -3 in [V(CO)5]3−, -2 in [HV(CO)5]3-[11], -1 in [V(CO)6]−, 0 in V(CO)6, 1 in ?, 2 in VI2, 3 in VBr3, 4 in VCl4, 5 in VF5 |
24 | Chrom | Cr | VI-B) 6 ( | 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | 0 in Cr(CO)6, 2 in CrCl2, 3 in Cr2O3, 4 in CrO2, 5 in CrF5, 6 in CrO3 |
25 | Mangan | Mn | VII-B) 7 ( | −3, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 | −3 in Mn(NO)3CO, −1 in Na[Mn(CO)5], 0 in Mn2(CO)10, 1 in [(CH3C5H4)Mn(CO)3], 2 in MnCl2, 3 in Mn2O3, 4 in MnO2, 5 in K3MnO4, 6 in K2MnO4, 7 in KMnO4 |
26 | Eisen (Ferrum) | Fe | VIII-B) 8 ( | −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | −2 in Na2[Fe(CO)4], −1 in [Fe2(CO)8]2−, 0 in Fe(CO)5, 1 in (η5-C5H5)2Fe2(CO)4, 2 in FeSO4, 3 in Fe2O3, 4 in Li2FeO3, 5 in FeO43−, 6 in BaFeO4 |
27 | Cobalt | Co | VIII-B) 9 ( | −1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 | −1 in [Co(CO)4]−, 0 in Co2(CO)8, 2 in CoCl2, 3 in CoF3, 4 in T4-[Co(nor)4], 5 in Na3CoO4 |
28 | Nickel | Ni | 10 (VIII-B) | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 | 0 in Ni(CO)4, 1 in K4[Ni2(CN)6], 2 in NiSO4, 3 in Ni2O3, 4 in K2[NiF6] |
29 | Kupfer (Cuprum) | Cu | 11 (I-B) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1 in Cu2O, 2 in CuSO4, 3 in YBa2Cu3O7–x, 4 in [CuF6]2− |
30 | Zink | Zn | 12 (II-B) | 1, 2 | 1 in Zn2(η5–C5Me5)2[12], 2 in ZnS |
31 | Gallium | Ga | 13 (III-A) | 1, 2, 3 | 1 in "GaF"(=GaIGaIIII4), 2 in GaS, 3 in GaCl3 |
32 | Germanium | Ge | 14 (IV-A) | −4, 2, 4 | −4 in Mg2Ge, 2 in GeI2, 4 in GeO2 |
33 | Arsen | As | 15 (V-A) | −3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | −3 in Na3As, 0 in AsH3, 1 in AsI[13], 2 in As2I4[14], 3 in As2O3, 4 in As(OH)4[15], 5 in As2O5 |
34 | Selen | Se | 16 (VI-A) | −2, −1, 1, 2, 4, 6 | −2 in CdSe, −1 in Diseleniden Se22−, 1 in Se2Cl2, 2 in SeCl2, 4 in SeO2, 6 in H2SeO4 |
35 | Brom | Br | 17 (VII-A) | −1, 1, 3, 5, 7 | −1 in KBr, 1 im BrO−-Ion, 3 im BrO2−-Ion, 5 in HBrO3, 7 in HBrO4 |
36 | Krypton | Kr | 18 (VIII-A) | 0, 2 | 0 in HKrCCH, 2 in KrF2 |
37 | Rubidium | Rb | I-A) 1 ( | −1, 1 | −1 in Rubidid, 1 in RbCl |
38 | Strontium | Sr | II-A) 2 ( | 2 | 2 in SrO |
39 | Yttrium | Y | III-B) 3 ( | 3 | 3 in Y2O3 |
40 | Zirconium | Zr | IV-B) 4 ( | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1 in ZrCl, 2 in ZrCl2, 3 in ZrCl3, 4 in ZrO2 |
41 | Niob | Nb | V-B) 5 ( | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2 in NbO, 3 in NbN, 4 in NbCl4, 5 in Nb2O5 |
42 | Molybdän | Mo | VI-B) 6 ( | −2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | −2 in [Mo(CO)5]2−, 0 in Mo(CO)6, 2 in [Mo6Cl8]Cl4, 3 in MoF3, 4 in MoS2, 5 in MoCl5, 6 in MoO3 |
43 | Technetium | Tc | VII-B) 7 ( | −1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | −1 in [Tc(CO)5]–, 0 in Tc2(CO)10, 1 in [Tc(H2O)3(CO)3]+, 3 in [Tc2Cl8]2−, 4 in TcCl4, 5 in TcF5, 6 in TcF6, 7 in Tc2O7 |
44 | Ruthenium | Ru | VIII-B) 8 ( | −2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 | 0 in Ru3(CO)12, 2 in Ru(C5H5)2, 3 in RuCl3, 4 in RuO2, 5 in RuF5, 6 in RuF6, 7 in [(C3H7)4N][RuO4], 8 in RuO4 |
45 | Rhodium | Rh | VIII-B) 9 ( | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | 0 in Rh4(CO)12, 1 in RhCl(PPh3)3, 2 in Rh2(OOCCH3)4, 3 in RhCl3, 4 in RhO2, 5 in RhF5, 6 in RhF6 |
46 | Palladium | Pd | 10 (VIII-B) | 0, 1, 2, 4 | 0 in Pd(PPh3)4, 1 in Pd22+[16], 2 in PdS, 4 in PdO2 |
47 | Silber (Argentum) | Ag | 11 (I-B) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1 in AgNO3, 2 in AgF2, 3 in Ag2O3, 4 in Cs2[AgF6] |
48 | Cadmium | Cd | 12 (II-B) | 1, 2 | 1 in Cd2(AlCl4)2[17], 2 in CdO |
49 | Indium | In | 13 (III-A) | 1, 2, 3 | 1 in InCl, 2 in In2Cl4 (mit In—In-Bindung), 3 in InCl3 |
50 | Zinn (Stannum) | Sn | 14 (IV-A) | 2, 4 | –4 in Mg2Sn[18], 2 in SnS, 4 in SnO2 |
51 | Antimon | Sb | 15 (V-A) | −3, −2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | −3 in K3Sb, −2 im [Sb2]4−-Ion (z. B. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O][19]), 1 in Organoantimon(I)-Verbindungen[20], 2 in Sb(PhCOS)3[21], 3 in SbF3, 4 im Antimon(IV)-chlorokomplex [SbCl6]2−[22], 5 in SbF5 |
52 | Tellur | Te | 16 (VI-A) | −2, -1, 1, 2, 4, 6 | −2 in Na2Te, −1 in Ditelluriden Te22−, 1 in TeI, 2 in TeCl2, 4 in TeO2, 6 in H6TeO6 |
53 | Iod | I | 17 (VII-A) | −1, 1, 3, 5, 7 | −1 in NaI, 1 in ICl, 3 in IF3, 5 in KIO3, 7 in H5IO6 |
54 | Xenon | Xe | 18 (VIII-A) | 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 | 2 in XeF2, 4 in XeF4, 6 in XeF6, 8 in XeO4 |
55 | Caesium | Cs | I-A) 1 ( | −1, 1 | −1 in {Li[crypt]}+Cs−, 1 in CsCl |
56 | Barium | Ba | II-A) 2 ( | 2 | 2 in BaO |
57 | Lanthan | La | III-B) 3 ( | 3 | 3 in La2O3 |
58 | Cer | Ce | Lanthanoid | 3, 4 | 3 in CeF3, 4 in CeF4 |
59 | Praseodym | Pr | Lanthanoid | 3, 4 | 3 in PrF3, 4 in PrO2 |
60 | Neodym | Nd | Lanthanoid | 2, 3, 4 | 2 in NdBr2, 3 in NdCl3 |
61 | Promethium | Pm | Lanthanoid | 3 | 3 in Pm2O3 |
62 | Samarium | Sm | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 | 2 in SmI2, 3 in Sm2O3 |
63 | Europium | Eu | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 | 2 in EuCl2, 3 in EuCl3 |
64 | Gadolinium | Gd | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 | 2 in GdI2, 3 in Gd2O3 |
65 | Terbium | Tb | Lanthanoid | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1 in TbCl[23], 2 in TbCl2, 3 in Tb2(SO4)3, 4 in TbF4 |
66 | Dysprosium | Dy | Lanthanoid | 2, 3, 4 | 2 in DyI2, 3 in Dy2O3 |
67 | Holmium | Ho | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 | 2 in Ho5Cl11, 3 in Ho2O3 |
68 | Erbium | Er | Lanthanoid | 3 | 3 in Er2O3 |
69 | Thulium | Tm | Lanthanoid | 2, 3, 4 | 2 in TmI2, 3 in TmI3, 4 in Cs3[TmF7][24] |
70 | Ytterbium | Yb | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 | 2 in YbI2, 3 in YbI3 |
71 | Lutetium | Lu | Lanthanoid | 3 | 3 in LuCl3 |
72 | Hafnium | Hf | IV-B) 4 ( | −2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 | 3 in HfI3, 4 in HfO2 |
73 | Tantal | Ta | V-B) 5 ( | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2 in TaO, 3 in TaN, 4 in TaCl4, 5 in Ta2O5 |
74 | Wolfram | W | VI-B) 6 ( | 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | 0 in W(CO)6, 2 in [W6Cl8]Cl4, 3 in [W6Cl12]Cl6, 4 in WCl4, 5 in WCl5, 6 in WO3 |
75 | Rhenium | Re | VII-B) 7 ( | −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 | −1 in Na[Re(CO)5][25], 0 in Re2(CO)10, 1 in ReBr(CO)5, 3 in Re3Cl9, 4 in ReO2, 5 in ReCl5, 6 in ReO3, 7 in Re2O7 |
76 | Osmium | Os | VIII-B) 8 ( | −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 | −2 in Na2[Os(CO)4], −1 in Na2[Os4(CO)13], 0 in Os3(CO)12, 1 in OsI, 2 in OsCl2, 3 in OsCl3, 4 in OsO2, 5 in OsCl5, 6 in OsF6, 7 in OsOF5[26], 8 in OsO4 |
77 | Iridium | Ir | VIII-B) 9 ( | −3, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 | −3 in [Ir(CO)3]3−, −1 in [Ir(CO)3(PPh3)]−, 0 in Ir4(CO)12, 1 in IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2, 2 in IrCl2, 3 in IrCl3, 4 in IrO2, 5 in IrF5, 6 in IrF6, 7 in [(η2−O2)IrO2]+, 8 in IrO4, 9 in IrO4+[27] |
78 | Platin | Pt | 10 (VIII-B) | −2, −1, 0, 2, 4, 5, 6 | −2 in Cs2Pt, −1 in BaPt2, 0 in Pt(PPh3)4, 1 in Pt22+[16], 2 in PtCl2, 4 in PtO2, 5 in PtF5, 6 in PtF6 |
79 | Gold (Aurum) | Au | 11 (I-B) | −1, 1, 2, 3, 5 | −1 in CsAu, 1 in AuCl, 2 in AuSO4, 3 in AuCl3, 5 in AuF5 |
80 | Quecksilber (Hydrargyrum) | Hg | 12 (II-B) | 0, 1, 2, 4(?) | 0 in Hg32+[28] (zentrales Hg-Atom), 1 in Hg2Cl2, 2 in HgCl2, 4 in HgF4[29] |
81 | Thallium | Tl | 13 (III-A) | −1, 1, 3 | −1 in NaTl, 1 in Tl2SO4, 3 in Tl(NO3)3 |
82 | Blei (Plumbum) | Pb | 14 (IV-A) | 2, 4 | 2 in PbO, 4 in PbO2 |
83 | Bismut | Bi | 15 (V-A) | −3, 1, 3, 5 | −3 in Na3Bi[30], 1 in Bi10Hf3Cl18(=[Bi+][Bi95+][HfCl62−]3)[31], 3 in Bi2O3, 5 in NaBiO3 |
84 | Polonium | Po | 16 (VI-A) | −2, 2, 4, 6 | −2 in Na2Po, 2 in H2Po, 2 in PoO, 4 in PoO2, 6 in PoO3 |
85 | Astat | At | 17 (VII-A) | –1, 1, 3, 5, 7 | −1 in AgAt, 1 in AtCl, 3 in AtO2−, 5 in La(AtO3)3, 7 in AtO4− *** |
86 | Radon | Rn | 18 (VIII-A) | 0, 2 | 2 in RnF2[32] |
87 | Francium | Fr | I-A) 1 ( | 1 | 1 in FrClO4 |
88 | Radium | Ra | II-A) 2 ( | 2 | 2 in RaSO4 |
89 | Actinium | Ac | III-B) 3 ( | 2, 3 | 2 in AcH2[33], 3 in AcF3 |
90 | Thorium | Th | Actinoid | 2, 3, 4 | 2 in ThI2, 3 in ThI3, 4 in ThI4 |
91 | Protactinium | Pa | Actinoid | 4, 5 | 4 in PaCl4, 5 in PaCl5 |
92 | Uran | U | Actinoid | 3, 4, 5, 6 | 3 in UCl3, 4 in UO2, 5 in UF5, 6 in UF6 |
93 | Neptunium | Np | Actinoid | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | 3 in NpCl3, 4 in NpCl4, 5 in NpF5, 6 in NpF6, 7 in NpO23+ |
94 | Plutonium | Pu | Actinoid | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | 2 in PuO, 3 in PuCl3, 4 in PuO2, 5 in PuF5, 6 in PuF6, 7 in PuO23+ |
95 | Americium | Am | Actinoid | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, (7) | 2 in AmCl2[34], 3 in AmF3, 4 in AmF4, 5, 6 in Ionen: AmO2+ bzw. AmO22+[35], 7 in AmO53− (unsicher)[36] |
96 | Curium | Cm | Actinoid | 3, 4 | 3 in CmCl3, 4 in CmF4 |
97 | Berkelium | Bk | Actinoid | 3, 4 | 3 in BkF3, 4 in BkF4 |
98 | Californium | Cf | Actinoid | 2, 3, 4 | 2 in CfI2, 3 in CfF3, 4 in CfF4 |
99 | Einsteinium | Es | Actinoid | 2, 3 | 2 in EsI2, 3 in EsI3 |
100 | Fermium | Fm | Actinoid | 3 | **** |
101 | Mendelevium | Md | Actinoid | 3 | **** |
102 | Nobelium | No | Actinoid | 2, 3 | **** |
103 | Lawrencium | Lr | Actinoid | 3 | **** |
104 | Rutherfordium | Rf | IV-B) 4 ( | 4* | **** |
105 | Dubnium | Db | V-B) 5 ( | 3, 4, 5* | **** |
106 | Seaborgium | Sg | VI-B) 6 ( | 6* | **** |
107 | Bohrium | Bh | VII-B) 7 ( | 7 | **** |
108 | Hassium | Hs | VIII-B) 8 ( | 8 oder niedriger* | **** |
109 | Meitnerium | Mt | VIII-B) 9 ( | 3, 4, 6* | **** |
110 | Darmstadtium | Ds | 10 (VIII-B) | 2, 4, 6* | **** |
111 | Roentgenium | Rg | 11 (I-B) | 3* | **** |
112 | Copernicium | Cn | 12 (II-B) | 2 | **** |
113 | Nihonium | Nh | 13 (III-A) | 3 | **** |
114 | Flerovium | Fl | 14 (IV-A) | 4 | **** |
115 | Moscovium | Mc | 15 (V-A) | 3 | **** |
116 | Livermorium | Lv | 16 (VI-A) | 2 | **** |
117 | Tenness***** | Ts | 17 (VII-A) | 1 | **** |
118 | Oganesson | Og | 18 (VIII-A) | 0 | **** |
Anmerkung:
* Oxidationszahl ist noch unbekannt respektive wird vermutet.
** Das Kohlenstoffatom mit der angegebenen Oxidationszahl ist fettgeschrieben.
*** Die chemischen Eigenschaften von Astat konnten aufgrund der geringen verfügbaren Mengen bisher nur mit Tracerexperimenten festgestellt werden.
**** Aufgrund der kurzen Lebensdauer und der geringen Verfügbarkeit können nur Tracerexperimente auf das Vorkommen der Oxidationsstufen schließen lassen. Eine Isolierung von entsprechenden Verbindungen ist (noch) nicht erfolgt und bei den meisten dieser Elemente auch höchst unwahrscheinlich.
***** zur Namenswahl für Ts im Deutschen siehe Diskussion:Tenness
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