Konservatismus in den Vereinigten Staaten

Der Konservatismus in den Vereinigten Staaten ist eine politische und soziale Philosophie, die durch Respekt vor amerikanischen Traditionen, Republikanismus, Machtbegrenzung, Unterstützung christlicher Werte,[1] moralischen Universalismus,[2] Pro-Business, Opposition gegen Gewerkschaften, starke nationale Verteidigung, Freihandel,[3] Antikommunismus,[4][5] Pro-Individualismus,[4] Befürwortung des Amerikanischen Exzeptionalismus[6] und Verteidigung der westlichen Kultur vor den vermeintlichen Bedrohungen durch Kommunismus, Sozialismus und moralischen Relativismus gekennzeichnet ist.[7]

Wie bei allen großen amerikanischen politischen Strömungen, ist die Freiheit ein zentraler Wert. Amerikanische Konservative betrachten die individuelle Freiheit im Rahmen der amerikanischen Werte im Allgemeinen als das grundlegende Merkmal der Demokratie. Diese Perspektive steht im Gegensatz zu der der modernen Liberalen, die im Allgemeinen einen höheren Wert über Gleichheit und soziale Gerechtigkeit legen und die Notwendigkeit staatlicher Interventionen betonen, um diese Ziele zu erreichen.[8][9] Amerikanische politische Konservative glauben an eine Begrenzung der Zuständigkeit der Regierung und an ein Gleichgewicht zwischen der nationalen Regierung und den Rechten der Bundesstaaten. Amerikanische Konservative neigen dazu, in Bereichen, von denen sie glauben, dass sie in der legitimen Zuständigkeit der Regierung liegen, insbesondere in der nationalen Verteidigung und Strafverfolgung, starke Maßnahmen zu bevorzugen. Außerdem setzen sie sich oft für das christliche Gebet an öffentlichen Schulen und die staatliche Finanzierung von Privaten christlichen Schulen ein.[10][11][12][13]

Wie die meisten amerikanischen politischen Ideologien, stammt der Konservatismus aus dem Republikanismus, der die aristokratische und monarchische Regierung ablehnte und die Grundsätze der Unabhängigkeitserklärung der Vereinigten Staaten bestätigte („… that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness“). Die konservative Philosophie leitet sich zum Teil auch aus der klassischen liberalen Tradition des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts ab, das sich für die Laissez-Faire-Ökonomie einsetzte.[14][15]

Historiker wie Patrick Allitt und politische Theoretiker wie Russell Kirk behaupten, dass konservative Prinzipien seit 1776 eine wichtige Rolle in der amerikanischen Politik und Kultur gespielt haben. Eine organisierte konservative Bewegung mit Überzeugungen, die sich von denen anderer amerikanischer politischer Parteien unterscheiden, sei erst in den 1950er Jahren in den Vereinigten Staaten aufgekommen. Der jüngste Konservatismus basiert heute auf der Republikanischen Partei, die seit den 1950er Jahren eine konservative Politik verfolgt,[16][17][18][19] sowie der Tea-Party-Bewegung und dem Trumpismus. Konservative Republikaner und Südstaatendemokraten bildeten 1937 zusammen die konservative Koalition des Kongresses, die für einen Großteil des 20. Jahrhunderts eine wichtige gesetzgeberische Rolle spielte.

Literatur

George Hawley: Making Sense of the Alt Right. Columbia University Press, New York 2017, ISBN 978-0-231-54600-3 (englisch).
Corey Robin: The reactionary mind: conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin. Oxford University Press, New York 2011, ISBN 0-19-979374-3 (englisch).
George Hawley: Right-wing critics of American conservatism. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence 2016, ISBN 978-0-7006-2193-4 (englisch).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Don Smith: If It Ain’t Broke – Break It!: A Document for Both Liberals and Conservatives 2003, ISBN 9780595275342, S. 59: „Conservatives have not liked what they see as the 'mushy' and 'confused' morals and the political, sexual and social mores of the American Nation of the last 50 years. They want clarity. They want guidelines based on Christian values. They trust God. Most Conservatives believe any sexual activity outside of the marriage contract is wrong. They believe that abortion is equivalent to murder, and they oppose assisted suicide.“
Brian Farmer: American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, United States 2005, ISBN 978-1904303541, S. 52: „To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes.“
Robert Baldwin: Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat. Peterson Institute for International Economics, United States 2000, ISBN 9780881322675, S. 30: „Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles.“
Ron Lipsman: Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy. United States, United States 2007, ISBN 9780595463206, S. 232: „The American conservative system of rugged individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition...“
Donald Critchlow: Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, United States 2009, ISBN 978-0742548244, S. 15: „Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities.“
John Langdale: Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920–1990. University of Missouri Press, United States 2012, ISBN 9780826272850, S. 4.
Bruce Pilbeam: Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan, United States 2003, ISBN 978-0333997659, S. 100: „For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism – the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives.“
Gregory L. Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free-market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America, there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom." (2009) pp. 4–9, 136
Sherwood Thompson, Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 978-1442216044.
Andrew E. Busch: Social Conservatives and Economic Conservatives. In: Society. 49, Nr. 1, 1. Dezember 2011, S. 13–23. doi:10.1007/s12115-011-9498-4.
William Lasser: V. The Modern Supreme Court: Crisis as Usual? In: The Limits of Judicial Power: The Supreme Court in American Politics. UNC Press Books, 1988, ISBN 978-1-4696-3246-9, S. 186–188 (eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche).
Clyde Wilcox: Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics. Taylor & Francis, 2018, ISBN 9780429974533, S. 96.
Glenn H. Utter, James L. True: Conservative Christians and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO, 2004, ISBN 9781851095131, S. 51–53.
Modern Political Philosophy (1999), Richard Hudelson, pp. 37–38
M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129.
Vesla M. Weaver, "Frontlash: Race and the development of punitive crime policy." Studies in American political development 21.2 (2007): 230–265.
Merle Black: The Transformation of the Southern Democratic Party. In: The Journal of Politics. 66, Nr. 4, 2004, S. 1001–1017. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00287.x.
Ira Katznelson, Kim Geiger, Daniel Kryder: Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950. In: Political Science Quarterly. Band 108, Nr. 2, 1993, S. 283, doi:10.2307/2152013, JSTOR:2152013 (PDF).
Glen Feldman, The Irony of the Solid South, "The worshipful allegiance white southerners gave to that party emanated most fundamentally from the deep-seated, pervasive, almost indellible cultural conservatism of the region...", University Alabama Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0817317935.

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[:2-1] Don Smith: If It Ain’t Broke – Break It!: A Document for Both Liberals and Conservatives 2003, ISBN 9780595275342, S. 59: „Conservatives have not liked what they see as the 'mushy' and 'confused' morals and the political, sexual and social mores of the American Nation of the last 50 years. They want clarity. They want guidelines based on Christian values. They trust God. Most Conservatives believe any sexual activity outside of the marriage contract is wrong. They believe that abortion is equivalent to murder, and they oppose assisted suicide.“

[2] Brian Farmer: American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, United States 2005, ISBN 978-1904303541, S. 52: „To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes.“

[:0-3] Robert Baldwin: Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat. Peterson Institute for International Economics, United States 2000, ISBN 9780881322675, S. 30: „Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles.“

[:1-4] Ron Lipsman: Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy. United States, United States 2007, ISBN 9780595463206, S. 232: „The American conservative system of rugged individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition...“

[5] Donald Critchlow: Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, United States 2009, ISBN 978-0742548244, S. 15: „Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities.“

[6] John Langdale: Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920–1990. University of Missouri Press, United States 2012, ISBN 9780826272850, S. 4.

[7] Bruce Pilbeam: Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan, United States 2003, ISBN 978-0333997659, S. 100: „For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism – the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives.“

[8] Gregory L. Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free-market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America, there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom." (2009) pp. 4–9, 136

[9] Sherwood Thompson, Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 978-1442216044.

[10] Andrew E. Busch: Social Conservatives and Economic Conservatives. In: Society. 49, Nr. 1, 1. Dezember 2011, S. 13–23. doi:10.1007/s12115-011-9498-4.

[11] William Lasser: V. The Modern Supreme Court: Crisis as Usual? In: The Limits of Judicial Power: The Supreme Court in American Politics. UNC Press Books, 1988, ISBN 978-1-4696-3246-9, S. 186–188 (eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche).

[12] Clyde Wilcox: Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics. Taylor & Francis, 2018, ISBN 9780429974533, S. 96.

[13] Glenn H. Utter, James L. True: Conservative Christians and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO, 2004, ISBN 9781851095131, S. 51–53.

[google.com-14] Modern Political Philosophy (1999), Richard Hudelson, pp. 37–38

[15] M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129.

[16] Vesla M. Weaver, "Frontlash: Race and the development of punitive crime policy." Studies in American political development 21.2 (2007): 230–265.

[17] Merle Black: The Transformation of the Southern Democratic Party. In: The Journal of Politics. 66, Nr. 4, 2004, S. 1001–1017. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00287.x.

[Katznelson-18] Ira Katznelson, Kim Geiger, Daniel Kryder: Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950. In: Political Science Quarterly. Band 108, Nr. 2, 1993, S. 283, doi:10.2307/2152013, JSTOR:2152013 (PDF).

[19] Glen Feldman, The Irony of the Solid South, "The worshipful allegiance white southerners gave to that party emanated most fundamentally from the deep-seated, pervasive, almost indellible cultural conservatism of the region...", University Alabama Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0817317935.