Johann Muskata

Johann Muskata (auch Jan Muskata) (* um 1250 in Breslau, Herzogtum Breslau; † 7. Februar 1320 in Krakau, Königreich Polen) war ab 1294 Bischof von Krakau.

Polen in der Zeit von Johann Muskata

Leben

Johann war Sohn eines Breslauer Kaufmanns, der mit exotischen Gewürzen handelte, woraus sich der Beinamen Muskat ableitete. Obwohl er wahrscheinlich deutscher Herkunft war, wurde über seine Nationalität zwischen Historikern umfassend diskutiert.[1][2]

Als Bischof unterstützte Johann Muskata die Ansprüche des böhmischen Königs Ottokar II. Přemysl und von dessen Nachfolger Wenzel II., dem er 1301 als Vizekanzler diente. Gegen den polnischen Seniorherzog Władysław I. Ellenlang, der 1306 die Kontrolle über die Stadt Krakau errungen hatte, opponierte Bischof Mukata, auch bewaffnet. Deshalb wurde er 1308 eingekerkert und nach einem Appell des Papstes Clemens V. 1309 wieder freigelassen. Nach der Niederschlagung des Krakauer Aufstand des Vogtes Albert von 1311 blieb er weitgehend wirkungslos. Sein innerkirchlicher Gegenspieler war der Gnesener Erzbischof Jakub Świnka, der Muskata vor einem Kirchengericht als „Feind des polnischen Volkes“[3][4] anklagte. Kurz vor seinem Tode wohnte er der Krönung seines einstigen Gegners Władysław I. Ellenlang zum König von Polen bei. Sein Nachfolger auf dem Krakauer Bischofsstuhl wurde Nanker.

Literatur

Tomasz Pietras: „Krwawy wilk z pastorałem“. Biskup krakowski Jan zwany Muskatą. [Wolfsblut am Hirtenstab. Der Krakauer Bischof Johann, genannt Muskat.] Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper, Warszawa 2001, ISBN 83-86951-87-7 (polnisch).
Maciej Maciejowski: Ostatnie lata biskupa krakowskiego Jana Muskaty (1317–1320.) [Die letzten Jahre des Krakauer Bischofs Jan Muskata.] In: Błażeja Śliwińskiego (Hrsg.): Biskupi, lennicy, żeglarze. Zakład historii średniowiecza Polski i nauk pomocniczych historii Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego (= Gdańskie studia z dziejów średniowiecza. 9). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego u. a., Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-918873-0-8, S. 93–112, (Digitalisat).

Einzelnachweise

Tomasz Pietras: W kwestii pochodzenia biskupa krakowskiego Jana Muskaty. In: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia historica. Band 72, 2001, ISSN 0208-6050, S. 5–25, (Digitalisat).
George J. Lerski: Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945. Greenwood Press, Westport CT u. a. 1996, ISBN 0-313-26007-9, S. 369.
"A revolt by the Germans of Cracow, headed by one Albert, and by Bishop Jan Muskata, who thought of returning to their earlier Bohemian allegiance, was suppressed after a year-long siege. In this struggle, the first signs of Polish chauvinism appear. The Czechs were denounced as foreigners, serving the 'German' Emperor, allies of the 'German' knights in Prussia, and of the 'German' Piasts of Silesia. The Archbishop of Gniezno, Jakub Swinka, brought Bishop Muskata, the 'enemy of the Polish people', before an ecclesiastical court. He excommunicated the princes of Glogau, who 'were turning Silesia into a new Saxony' and had resigned their claim to Pomerania in favour of the Teutonic Order. Investigations into the Cracovian revolt were assisted by a simple language test. Any suspect who could repeat and correctly pronounce soczewica, koło, miele, młyn was judged loyal; he who faltered was guilty. The knights who took to the field in Lokietek's cause, and were duly rewarded with grants of land, developed the first hesitant notions of a corporate 'Polish' estate." Norman Davies: God’s Playground. A History of Poland. Band 1: The Origins to 1795. Revised edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford u. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-925339-0, S. 77.
"At Cracow there raged a creature of the Waclaws, Bishop Jan Muskata, breathing unparalleled and unconcealed hatred against the Poles and all that was Polish." Zygmunt Wojciechowski: Poland and Germany. Ten Centuries of Struggle. In: Zygmunt Wojciechowski (Hrsg.): Poland’s Place in Europe. Instytut Zachodni, Poznań 1947, S. 85–316, hier S. 137.

Vorgänger	Amt	Nachfolger
Prokop	Bischof von Krakau 1294–1320	Nanker

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[1] Tomasz Pietras: W kwestii pochodzenia biskupa krakowskiego Jana Muskaty. In: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia historica. Band 72, 2001, ISSN 0208-6050, S. 5–25, (Digitalisat).

[2] George J. Lerski: Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945. Greenwood Press, Westport CT u. a. 1996, ISBN 0-313-26007-9, S. 369.

[3] "A revolt by the Germans of Cracow, headed by one Albert, and by Bishop Jan Muskata, who thought of returning to their earlier Bohemian allegiance, was suppressed after a year-long siege. In this struggle, the first signs of Polish chauvinism appear. The Czechs were denounced as foreigners, serving the 'German' Emperor, allies of the 'German' knights in Prussia, and of the 'German' Piasts of Silesia. The Archbishop of Gniezno, Jakub Swinka, brought Bishop Muskata, the 'enemy of the Polish people', before an ecclesiastical court. He excommunicated the princes of Glogau, who 'were turning Silesia into a new Saxony' and had resigned their claim to Pomerania in favour of the Teutonic Order. Investigations into the Cracovian revolt were assisted by a simple language test. Any suspect who could repeat and correctly pronounce soczewica, koło, miele, młyn was judged loyal; he who faltered was guilty. The knights who took to the field in Lokietek's cause, and were duly rewarded with grants of land, developed the first hesitant notions of a corporate 'Polish' estate." Norman Davies: God’s Playground. A History of Poland. Band 1: The Origins to 1795. Revised edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford u. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-925339-0, S. 77.

[4] "At Cracow there raged a creature of the Waclaws, Bishop Jan Muskata, breathing unparalleled and unconcealed hatred against the Poles and all that was Polish." Zygmunt Wojciechowski: Poland and Germany. Ten Centuries of Struggle. In: Zygmunt Wojciechowski (Hrsg.): Poland’s Place in Europe. Instytut Zachodni, Poznań 1947, S. 85–316, hier S. 137.