James Silk Buckingham

James Silk Buckingham (* 25. August 1786 i​n Flushing b​ei Falmouth, Cornwall; † 30. Juni 1855 i​n London) w​ar ein britischer Forschungsreisender u​nd Schriftsteller.

James Silk Buckingham, Ölgemälde von Clara S. Lane
James Silk Buckingham, Ölgemälde von Henry William Pickersgill

Leben

Buckingham f​uhr ab 1796 z​ur See. 1806 heiratete e​r Elizabeth Jennings, m​it der e​r mehrere Kinder hatte. Im Oktober 1818 gründete e​r das erfolgreiche Calcutta Journal, d​as die Regierung v​on Britisch-Indien kritisierte. Generalgouverneur John Adam verwies i​hn im April 1823 d​es Landes u​nd verbot d​as Journal. Buckingham wandte s​ich unter anderem a​n das House o​f Commons u​nd den Privy Council, s​eine Beschwerden wurden jedoch abgewiesen. Erst v​iel später erhielt e​r von d​er Britischen Ostindien-Kompanie e​ine Entschädigung i​n Form e​iner Jahresrente i​n Höhe v​on 200 Pfund. Auf seinen Reisen v​on und n​ach Indien s​ah er v​iele Länder, über d​ie er Reiseberichte veröffentlichte. Im Januar 1824 gründete e​r die Oriental Herald a​nd Colonial Review, d​ie bis Dezember 1829 erschien. Es folgten z​wei weitere kurzlebige Erscheinungen, b​is Buckingham i​m Januar 1828 d​ie Zeitschrift Athenaeum gründete. Er verließ s​ie jedoch n​och im gleichen Jahr.

Im Dezember 1832 w​urde Buckingham für Sheffield i​n das Parlament gewählt u​nd vertrat seinen Wahlkreis b​is zum Juli 1837. In dieser Zeit befürwortete e​r die Abschaffung d​es Auspeitschens i​n Heer u​nd Marine u​nd des Pressens v​on Seeleuten. Buckingham unterstützte a​uch die Abstinenzbewegung.

Im Oktober 1837 bereiste e​r vier Jahre l​ang Amerika. 1843 w​urde auf s​ein Betreiben d​as British a​nd Foreign Institute gegründet. Es h​atte allerdings n​ur vier Jahre Bestand. 1847 b​is 1848 bereiste e​r Europa. 1851 w​urde er Präsident d​er London Temperance League.

Buckingham w​ar ein s​ehr produktiver Schriftsteller. Er h​ielt auch Vorträge über s​eine Reisen.

Schriften

Forschungs- und Reiseberichte
  • 1821: Travels in Palestine, through the Countries of Bashan and Gilead, East of the River Jordan: Including a Visit to the Cities of Geraza and Gamala, in the Decapolis. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown (Google)
    • Ausgabe in zwei Bänden 1822: Travels in Palestine, through the Countries of Bashan and Gilead, East of the River Jordan: Including a Visit to the Cities of Geraza and Gamala, in the Decapolis. Second Edition. 2 Bände. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown (Google: Band I – Band II) (BSB München: Band I – Band II)
    • Deutsche Ausgabe: Reisen in Palästina. Aus dem Englischen des Herrn Buckingham. Jena: Bran'sche Buchhandlung (Google)
  • 1825: Travels among the Arab Tribes Inhabiting the Countries East of Syria and Palestine, Including a Journey from Nazareth to the Mountains Beyond the Dead Sea, and from thence through the Plains of Hauran to Bozra, Damascus, Tripoly, Lebanon, Baalbeck, and by the Valley of the Orontes to Seleucia, Antioch, and Aleppo. With an Appendix, Containing a Refutation of Certain Unfounded Calumnies Industriously Circulated against the Author (…). London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green (Google) (BSB München)
    • Deutsche Ausgabe 1827–28: Reisen durch Syrien und Palästina. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt. 2 Teile. Weimar: Landes-Industrie-Comptoir (= Neue Bibliothek der wichtigsten Reisebeschreibungen zur Erweiterung der Erd- und Völkerkunde, 45–46) (Google: Teil I – Teil II)
  • 1827: Travels in Mesopotamia. Including a Journey from Aleppo to Bagdad, by the Route of Beer, Orfah, Diarbekr, Mardin, & Mousul; with Researches on the Ruins of Niniveh, Babylon, and other Ancient Cities. 2 Bände. London: Henry Colburn (Google: Band I – Band II) (MDZ Farbscan: Band I –Band II)
    • Ausgabe in einem Band 1827: Travels in Mesopotamia. Including a Journey from Aleppo, across the Euphrates to Orfah, (the Ur of the Chaldees,) through the Plains of the Turcomans, to Diarbekr, in Asia Minor: from thence to Mardin, on the Borders of the Great Desert, and by the Tigris to Mousul and Bagdad: with Researches on the Ruins of Babylon, Nineveh, Arbela, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia. London: Henry Colburn (Google)
    • Deutsche Ausgabe 1828: Reisen in Mesopotamien von Aleppo, über den Euphrat nach Orfah, dem Ur in Chaldäa, durch die Ebenen der Turkmanen, nach Diarbekr, in Kleinasien, von dort nach Mardin an den Grenzen der großen Wüste und an dem Tigris nach Mosul und Bagdad, nebst Untersuchungen über die Ruinen von Babylon, Niniveh, Arbela, Ctesiphon und Seleucia. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt. Berlin: Voss 1828 (Google) (MDZ Farbscan) (BSB München)
  • 1829: Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, Including a Journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the Ancient Ecbatana, Researches in Ispahan and the Ruins of Persepolis, and Journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the Sea-Shore. Description of Bussorah, Bushire, Bahrein, Ormus, and Muscat; Narrative of an Expedition against the Pirates of the Persian Gulf, with Illustrations of the Voyage of Nearchus, and Passage by the Arabian Sea to Bombay. London: Henry Colburn (Google)
    • Zweite Ausgabe in 2 Bänden 1830: London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley (Google: Band I – Band II)
  • 1830: Esquisse d'un plan de voyage autour du monde, par le route des Indes, de la Chine, du Japon et des îles de l'océan pacifique: ayant pour but les intérêts combinés des découvertes, de la civilisation et du commerce. Paris: de Plassant = Sonderdruck aus dem Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (MDZ)
  • 1832: Tableau pittoresque de l'Inde, ou Description géographique, statistique, commerciale, morale et politique de l'Indostan. Traduit de l'anglais sous les yeux de l'auteur et d'après le manuscrit original par Benjamin Laroche. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique (Google)
  • 1841: America. Historical, Statistic, and Descriptive. 3 Bände. London: Fisher, Son, & Co. (Google: Band I – Band II – Band III)
  • 1842: The Eastern and Western States of America. 3 Bände. London: Fisher, Son, & Co. (Google: Band I – Band II – Band III)
  • 1842: The Slave States of America. 2 Bände. London: Fisher, Son, & Co. (Google: Band I – Band II)
  • 1843: Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Other British Provinces in North America. With a Plan of National Colonization. London: Fisher, Son, & Co. (Google)
  • 1847: France, Piedmont, Italy, Lombardy, the Tyrol, and Bavaria. An Autumnal Tour. 2 Bände. London: Peter Jackson, late Fisher, Son, & Co. (Google: Band I – Band II)
  • 1848: Belgium, the Rhine, Switzerland, and Holland. An Autumnal Tour. 2 Bände. London: Peter Jackson, late Fisher, Son, & Co. (Google: Band I – Band II)
  • 1851 (anonym): The Buried City of the East, Nineveh: A Narrative of the Discoveries of Mr. Layard and M. Botta at Nimroud and Khorsabad; with Descriptions of the Exhumed Sculptures, and Particulars of the Early History of the Ancient Ninevite Kingdom. Illustrated with One Hundred Engravings. London: Office of the National Illustrated Library (Google)

Verschiedenes
  • 1829: A Reply fo Mr. Sadler's Speech at Whitby, on the Shipping Interest. Whitby: R. Kirby (Google)
  • 1831: Qualifications and Duties of Members of Parliament, Being the Substance of an Address Delivered to the Inhabitants of Sheffield in the Music Hall, on Monday the First of August, 1831, on the Subject of their Approaching Privilege of Sending Representatives to the Reformed Parliament. Nottingham: R. Sutton (Google)
  • 1832: Mr. Buckingham's Defence of his Public and Private Character, against the Atrocious Calumnies Contained in a False and Slanderous Pamphlet, the Accusations of which are Refuted by the Strongest Evidence, Drawn Principally from the False Accuser Himself. Sheffield: John Blackwell (Google)
  • 1834: Evidence on Drunkenness, Presented to the House of Commons, by the Select Committee Appointed by the House to Inquire into this Subject, and Report the Minutes of Evidence, with their Opinions Thereupon. J.S. Buckingham, Esq., M.P., in the Chair. London: Benjamin Bagster (Google)
  • 1843: Inaugural Lecture, Written for the Opening of the British and Foreign Institute and Delivered, in an Abridged Form, Before the Members and Friends of that Association (…). London: Fisher, Son, & Co. (Google)
  • 1845: Plan of an Improved Income Tax and Real Free Trade, with an Equitable Mode of Redeeming the National Debt, and Some Observations on the Education and Employment of the People – On Systematic Colonization – and on the Welfare of the Labouring Classes. London: James Ridgway (Google)
  • 1849: National Evils and Practical Remedies, with the Plan of a Model Town. Illustrated by Two Engravings. Accompanied by an Examination of Some Important Moral and Political Problems. London: Peter Jackson, late Fisher, Son, & Co.(Google)
  • 1851: An Earnest Plea for the Reign of Temperance and Peace, as Conducive to the Prosperity of Nations; Submitted to the Visitors of the Great Exhibition (…). London: Peter Jackson, Late Fisher Son, & Co. (Google)
  • 1855: Autobiography of James Silk Buckingham; Including his Voyages, Travels, Adventures, Speculations, Successes and Failures, Faithfully and Frankly Narrated: Interspersed with Characteristic Sketches of Public Men with whom he has had Intercourse, during a Period of More than Fifty Years. With a Portrait. 2 Bände. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans (Google: Band I – Band II)

Literatur
  • Buckingham, James Silk. In: Encyclopædia Britannica. 11. Auflage. Band 4: Bishārīn – Calgary. London 1910, S. 727 (englisch, Volltext [Wikisource]).
  • A Copious Report of Mr. Buckingham's Lectures on the Eastern World, Including Remarks on the East India Company's Monopoly, Renewal of the Charter, Effects of a Free Trade to India and China, Manners, Customs, Superstitions, Climate, Natural History, Resources, &c. of the Eastern World: With a Great Variety of other Interesting and Amusing Information. Liverpool: E. Smith and Co. 1829 (Google)
  • Outline Sketch of the Voyages, Travels, Writings, and Public Labours of James Silk Buckingham, Esq. Compiled from Authentic Sources. With a Portrait. London: Peter Jackson, late Fisher, Son, & Co. 1840 (Google)
  • James Hildreth: Notes of the Buckingham Lectures: Embracing Sketches of the Geography, Antiquities, and Present Condition of Egypt and Palestine: Compiled from Oral Discourses of the Hon. J.S. Buckingham. Together with a Sketch of his Life. New York: Leavitt, Lord, & Co. 1838 (Google)
  • Bessie Louise Pierce (Hg.): As Others See Chicago. Impressions of Visitors, 1673–1933. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago 1933 (Nachdruck 2004), S. 87.
  • Ralph E. Turner: James Silk Buckingham 1786–1855. A Social Biography. Williams & Norgate, London 1934 (archive)
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